Pocahontas †Cultural Anthropology Free Essays

Composing Assignment #1: The Cultural Construction of the Idea of Progress Film picked: Pocahontas One of Walt Disney’s most popular movies, Pocahontas, happens during the 1600s, as the British find portions of the â€Å"New World† that are occupied by local Americans. In this film, we can differentiate the crude way of life and culture of the Native Americans to that of the British, and can perceive how the thoughts of â€Å"progress† or social advancement assume a job in the ethnocentric predisposition held by the Westerners during this time, making the crude generalizations be constructed. Disney utilizes the structure of the characters themselves-what they wear, how they talk, what they eat, what they trust in, and so forth. We will compose a custom article test on Pocahontas †Cultural Anthropology or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now ; and the plot line of the film, to delineate the social development of the possibility of â€Å"progress†, and bring out the contradicting thoughts of the â€Å"primitive other† and â€Å"civilized self†. This film opens indicating us the life of the British as they board the boat and keeping in mind that they’re cruising adrift. Disney begins with the British since we as westerners identify with the British, and consider their to be of life as typical and humanized. We quickly identify with the shade of their skin, their westernized garments, the manner in which they talk, and the innovation they approach as well. While on the pontoon, John Smith (the male hero) alludes to the Native American Indians as â€Å"savages† who ought to be executed in the event that they disrupt the general flow. This gives us a sneak top into the outlook of the British and how contrarily they see the Native Americans. Leaving us with the conviction that the Indians are savages, Disney at that point presents Pocahontas (the female hero) and the Indian clan that has been living in the New World. Promptly we are presented to the crude way of life of the Indians. We see that their method of voyaging is by wooden kayaks, their garments comprise of an earthy colored fabric that covers next to no while they likewise don't have on shoes, they live in tents, and have only nature at it’s most perfect structure encompassing them. We see the ladies out in the fields gathering corn by hand, while the men are getting back home from fight, with just withdraws from and lances for weapons. The underlying response to seeing the way of life and lifestyle among the Indians is to consider them to be â€Å"uncivilized† and â€Å"savage†, similarly as John Smith was stating on the vessel. Anyway all through the film Disney starts to challenge this conviction and gives us that the westerner’s lifestyle may not be the most ideal lifestyle for everybody. Up until this point, John Smith and the remainder of the English men had been finding new places and discovering Native American’s that had been living for a long time on these remote terrains. The Europeans consistently considered these to be as ignoble, brutal savages, who should have been dominated and â€Å"westernized†. John Smith says something to Pocahontas about how they could improve the Indians life, and construct them streets and tall structures, and show them how to â€Å"make the greater part of their land†. This is an ideal case of the ethnocentric inclination mindset of the Europeans. They not even once thought about that somebody else’s method of living and culture could really be an effective. They believed that their way was the most ideal way, and whatever else was only an immature, primitive way of life that expected to advance into the westernized way of life. After John Smith offers this remark about â€Å"bettering the Indian’s life styles† Pocahontas is profoundly insulted and continues to sing the well known tune, The Colors of the Wind. In this melody Pocahontas gets down on John Smith about his ethnocentric position and gives him her perspective, in singing: â€Å"You think you own whatever land you land on, The earth is only a dead thing you can guarantee, But I know each rock and tree and animal, Has an actual existence, has a soul, has a name. You think the main individuals who are individuals, Are the individuals who look and think like you, But in the event that you walk the strides of an outsider, You’ll learn things you never realized you never knew. † For the first run through John Smith starts to tune in to Pocahontas and acknowledges how uninformed him and his group have been to figure they can guarantee any land they go over, rewarding the locals like wild monsters. This time the Europeans have looked downward on the crude culture of the locals, believing that they were sub-human, and should have been sustained and subdued simply like creatures; anyway at this time John Smith see’s the free soul in Pocahontas, and he respects her association with the nature all around her. He starts to see that the Natives are simply ordinary individuals in their characteristic component, a flourishing off of their general surroundings, with no need of innovation, or any of the headways the westerners were bringing to the New World. Generally, Disney’s film, Pocahontas, makes a brilliant showing differentiating the way of life of the â€Å"primitive other† and â€Å"civilized self† with Pocahontas and the Indians as the crude other and John Smith and the Europeans as the cultivated self. We can see through the Europeans, their ethnocentrism, and their credulous perspectives that persuades they own whatever land they land on and can treat the locals anyway they need. Disney anyway plays out this film in a manner to give us his view on this ethnocentric inclination and how he trusts it to not be right and unlawful. He makes the watcher side with the Indians and depicts the Indians as the heroes and the Europeans as the miscreants. Disney was attempting to communicate something specific that this whiteness perspective isn't generally right and can once in a while carry damage to others in any event, when its not purposeful. Works Cited: Pocahontas. Walt Disney Feature Animation, 1995. Film. Seriff, Suzanne. â€Å"Cultural Anthropology: ANT 302. † University of Texas. Spring 2013. The most effective method to refer to Pocahontas †Cultural Anthropology, Papers

Human Resource Management Process and Functions

Negligible Art Essay During the 1950s and late 1960s, Minimal Art broke customary thoughts of craftsmanship making by reclassifying the structure, material, and creation of the item and its relationship to physical and worldly space and the observer. Along these lines, Minimalism had the option to cause to notice the space in which the work is appeared; this underscored the immediate commitment with the space and condition as a work in itself. From that point forward, Minimal Art has helped start a turn towards establishment rehearses, a training that has taken fifty years to develop. Negligible Art is the place craftsmen made no endeavor to speak to an outside the real world. The craftsmen needed the observer to react to what was uniquely before them. The truth would be the type of the work and the medium or material that is utilized to make the work. Negligible Art surfaced as a reaction against activity painting, upheld by Abstract Expressionism that concentrated on enthusiastic power and individual readings as Minimalism absolutely depended on single or rehashed geometric structure, sequential examples, solid centralization of modern materials, and alongside outer components of the onlooker and condition. Insignificant Art additionally tested and scrutinized the hypothesis against twentieth century American workmanship pundit Clement Greenberg, who likewise bolstered Abstract Expressionism that unobtrusive craftsmanship is an inside centered examination of the basic highlights of each different medium. He comprehended that cutting edge workmanship was medium explicit and accepted that on the grounds that the historical backdrop of innovation included craftsmen investigating the exact idea of their medium, craftsmanship media ought not be blended. Both of these disturbances refered to turns for the act of Installation Art by permitting the breakdown of medium explicitness and all it implied, just as the possibility that outer elements of the observer and condition assume a job by they way we experience craftsmanships. Establishment Art can be characterized as the position of items in a specific setting so as to pass on a specific inclination, thought or experience. Through their arrangement, a relationship is made between the articles and the observer. This relationship changes the items from their regular uses into being a piece of an uncommonly made encounter. Establishment workmanship was essentially an endeavor to give another importance to the old materials they truly broke the edges of artworks and freed them from the deep rooted customs of customary creation and review of craftsmanship. They vandalized canvases, they carried discovered articles to displays, they shipped down figures from the platforms so the exhibition hall quality and subsequently the dictator nature of the workmanship was abused. Some of these ideas were utilized beforehand into the models by American Minimalist, Carl Andr㠐â ©, in spite of the fact that his expectation was extraordinary. Above all else, he contradicted expressionist canvas and ideas by scrutinizing their thoughts through his work and deliberately ensured his works didn't mirror his own contacts or manual aptitudes. He saw the significance presented on the hand of the craftsman in the making of a fine art as an interruption from the workmanship object itself. In this manner, rather he made articles that were as generic and impartial as could reasonably be expected, with the point that the observer ought to have a progressively unadulterated response to the workmanship object itself, taking a gander at the genuineness and not the brain science. He accomplished this by carefully utilizing modern materials. He receives painterly configuration, and uses industrially accessible materials or articles that are sincerely cool, clear and mundane, quite often in indistinguishable units or bar structures, for example, timber, Styrofoam, concrete squares, bundles of roughage, and so forth., with just one kind of material for every work. A case of this would be his show at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery in 1966. The craftsman organized eight rectangular figures on the display floor, each made of 120 indistinguishable fire blocks. Comparable VII (1966) as a rule alluded to as The Bricks one of eight works, was made two blocks high, six across and ten the long way. .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .postImageUrl , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:hover , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:visited , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:active { border:0!important; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:active , .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u641 88f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u64188f51bb1eddcc6804098b0baabc0a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Confucius And Confucianism EssayIn Aluminum-Zinc Dipole E/W (1989), two rectangular plates are put close to one another to frame a square. The crease that joins those runs either longitudinally or along the side, contingent upon the onlookers see. The contrasting loads of the zinc and aluminum plates and the distinctive obstruction of their surfaces to scratching makes pressure between the two plates and along these lines, it adds a painterly sythesis to the brilliant, blue surface. The exacting evenness of Aluminum-Zinc Dipole scorns Clement Greenbergs charges on unique works of art adherence to levelness. Since the figure is level, and the volume has been nullified, the work shows up as unadulterated material and mass. Moderate, and supporter author for Minimalism is Donald Judd. Judd turned out to be notable for smooth, boxlike developments made of mechanical materials, for example, compressed wood, sheet metal, and Plexiglas that were painted utilizing business strategies. Stacked, adjusted, cantilevered, or focused, their exacting geometric arrangementsoften got from scientific progressionseliminate the possibility of structure and accomplish a solitary spotlight on the item itself. They consolidate components of engineering, model, and painting. Donald Judds explicit article, Untitled (1965) highlighted seven rectangular items made of sparkly electrifies sheet metal, every one of precisely the same measurements, attached to the divider in a vertical line. This additionally tested Abstract Expressionism, the work of art doesnt show any hints of the specialists hand, however is by all accounts precisely delivered. In this manner, the work doesn't seem, by all accounts, to be a statement of the craftsmen abstract expectation, psyche or feelings. With Installation Art, onlookers dont see the fine art from a far distance. Lion's share of the time, they are truly inside it, an integral part of its condition and substance by either; contacting, moving over, strolling through, investigating, connecting with, improving and interfacing with it. As a result of Minimalism, Installation Art has become blas before the traditional modalities of authentic craftsmanship that include negligible works of art holding tight a divider in a room. Minimalists were pitched against the socio-political real factors of the 1960s and 1970s. They needed to break the white 3D square constraints of an exhibition by trying different things with the space. They considered show-stoppers as something that reclassified the importance of the environmental factors where they stood. Moderate craftsmanship legitimately draws in with the space it involves. The fine art is painstakingly organized to underline and uncover the design of the display, regularly being introduced on dividers, in corners, or legitimately onto the floor, urging the watcher to be aware of the space. Andre once said that what was delightful in workmanship was not that somebody is unique but rather that he can discover a method of making on the planet the example of his personality. Emplacement, condition, and comparability are significant in the entirety of his works. A spot is a region inside a domain which has been modified so as to make the general condition progressively prominent, he said. Everything is a situation, yet a spot is connected especially to both the general characteristics of nature and the specific characteristics of the work which has been finished. The blocks in Equivalent VIII are modest materials, fundamental to building, development, and production; by treating these as figure, we see the works physical reality as a stylish marvel. What's more, since position produces and stimulates the piece, Equivalent VIII and its general condition become one show-stopper. Another Minimalist that caused to notice the

Business Model of Hilton Hotels

Business Model of Hilton Hotels © Shutterstock.com | happydancingAmong the top hotel chains in the world, Hilton Worldwide has a large number of hotel brands within its portfolio. In this article, we will look at 1) introduction to Hilton, 2) history, 3) business model, and 4) the USP of Hilton Hotels Resorts.INTRODUCTION TO HILTONHilton Hotels Corporation, now known as Hilton Worldwide, is a global hospitality business. The American company is now owned by the Blackstone Group, a multinational US private equity, investment banking, alternate asset management and financial services corporation. The company was created by Conrad Hilton in Cisco, Texas. The headquarters were in Beverly Hills, California from 1969 till 2009. After that, the headquarters moved to Fairfax County, Virginia.Until 2013, Hilton was ranked 38th in terms of size among privately held company by Forbes. In December 2013, the company returned to being a publicly held company in a second IPO worth an estimated $2.35 billion. As of 2014, the com pany has over 4000 hotels under all the Hilton brands. These have an estimated 680,117 rooms in 91 countries.There are several brands that operate under the Hilton brand portfolio. These are either owned, managed or franchised by the company. Some of the hotels under this portfolio include Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts, Conrad Hotels and Resorts, Hilton Hotels and Resorts, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn and Hampton Inn and Suites, Doubletree by Hilton, Hilton Garden Inn, Home2 Suites, Homewood Suites, and Hilton Grand Vacations.Since 2005, the company is among the sponsors of the United States Olympic Team.HISTORYThe Early YearsThrough most of its history, the hotel chain was managed by Hilton family members since the company was created in 1919 by Conrad Hilton with the purchase of his first hotel. Hilton was born in New Mexico and was one of eight children. He worked as a trader, a clerk, a bellboy and a pianist all before he was 18. In another few years he did turns in politics and banking. When his father died in 1919, he left the army and went to Texas with the intention of buying a small bank to capitalize on the oil boom at the time. Finding banks too expensive and hotels overbooked, he made a deal with a property owner looking to sell. He managed to gather the necessary investment and The Mobley, Hilton’s first hotel, was born. Within a year, he bought two more properties in Texas and in 1925, the first hotel with the Hilton name was set up in Dallas.Hilton managed to survive the depression in the US with 5 out of his 8 hotels and went on to buy his first hotel outside of Texas. This was the Sir Francis Drake in San Francisco. He later sold this at a profit to raise money to purchase the Stevens in Chicago which was the largest hotel in the world at the time. Through World War 2, he continued his acquisitions in LA and New York and by 1942 had presence from coast to coast in the US. His goal at the time was New York’s Waldorf Astoria. He continue d to carry a photo of the hotel with him since the hotel opened in 1931. In 1946, he created the Hilton Hotels Corporation and became the first hotel company to list on the New Work Stock Exchange.By the 1940s, the company had expanded to a worldwide chain of premium hotels. Hilton pushed his board for international expansion and opened the first hotel in Puerto Rico. At the time, a wholly owned subsidiary was created, called Hilton Hotels International and the first European hotel opened in Madrid in 1953. Hilton also purchased the lease on the Waldorf Astoria in 1949, converting it into a profitable venture within a year. The expansion continued with the biggest hotel merger in the industry when Hilton purchased the Statler Hotel Company at the price of $111 million and with international hotels in Turkey and Mexico City.International Operations DivestmentDuring the 1960s, the company divested its international operations, creating a separately traded company called Hilton Interna tional Co. This spin-off was a publicly traded company with Conrad Hilton as its president. He also became chairman of the Hilton Hotels board at the time. This period was marked by change in leadership when Hilton’s son Barron became president of the company. On his persuasion, Hilton agreed to exchange his stake in Hilton International for shares of Trans World Airlines. This investment did not pay off as expected and claims over the Hilton name were lost internationally.In 1967, this new company was acquired by Trans World Corporation, a holding company for Trans World Airlines. This business was sold again in the eighties to UAL Corp, the holding company for United Airlines. This company made attempts to position itself as a holistic travel company that included the Westin Hotels and Hertz rental cars along with Hilton International and United Airlines. Corporate tussles led this business to be sold again soon after to a British leisure and gambling concern called the Ladbroke Group. By 1999, the company was renamed as Hilton Group plc.These separate evolutions of the domestic and international businesses meant that two simultaneous yet autonomous Hilton companies were operating in the world. Both companies were contractually forbidden to operate in each other’s territory under the same name. To manage this, hotels run globally by the American Hilton company were called Conrad Hotels while those run by the international company within the US were called Vista International Hotels. This was an understandably confusing situation for consumers so in 1997, the two companies developed a joint marketing agreement. The terms of this agreement allowed the two companies to share a logo, promote both brands and maintain a joint reservation system. Around the same time, the Vista Hotels were slowly closed and the Conrad converted into a Luxury brand under the Hilton umbrella with hotels operational in both the US and around the world.The Casino BusinessDuring the early seventies, the chain expanded into casino hotels in Las Vegas, Nevada and by the late eighties this area was bringing in close to 44 percent of the company’s total income. Barron Hilton worked the franchising model during this time and the launch of a computerized reservation system, nicknamed the HILTRON. This system was later adopted by other hotels in the industry, adding to the company’s revenue stream. In 1975, 50 percent share in six major hotels was sold off with the agreement that Hilton would continue to manage the properties for a percentage of returns. This was a unique business model at the time and later became a standard practice within the industry.In the late seventies, the company finally completed the purchase of the Waldorf-Astoria land and building and in 1979, Conrad Hilton died at the age of 91. His son succeeded him as the chairman of the board. The company continued to stay afloat during years of recession by relying on revenues from casinos, leasi ng and management and franchise fees.Renewing international expansion, the company created a new subsidiary by the name of Conrad International Hotels in 1982. Hotels were opened in Australia. Turkey, Egypt, Hong Kong, Uruguay and New Zealand in the decade that followed.In a change of management, Barron Hilton handed over the reins to Stephen F. Bollenbach in 1996. Bollenbach was the first non-Hilton to lead the company. He took some bold steps to revitalize the company and among these was the decisions to spin-off the gaming side of the business. In 1998, this arm of the chain became Park Plaza Entertainment Corporation after growing this business substantially. This concern is now called Caesar’s Entertainment Inc. A year later, he drove an acquisition of the $3.7 billion Promus Hotel Corporation, adding further brand names to the company’s portfolio. These included, Doubletree, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn, Homewood Suites and Harrison Conference Centers.During his tenure, he also reunified the divided Hilton concerns by purchasing a stake in the British owner Ladbroke. The two companies agreed to work together to develop new hotels as well as joint plans for marketing and honoring frequent stay plans for each other.In 2007, the company agreed to a buy-out from Blackstone Group. The transaction meant that the new owner had to deal with a $20 million debt in an economic downturn. This debt was restructured in 2010 with Blackstone investing further equity into the company. In 2013, the company filed for a $1.25 billion IPO.BUSINESS MODELBusiness segments its Products and ServicesThe company, through expansion and acquisitions over the years, caters to a large number of business segments and consumer types. Some of their segments include:LuxuryHotels under this segment are the luxury flagship brands of the hotel chain. These high end hotels cater to clients looking for the highest standards of luxury and service. The two hotel chains in this area include:W aldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts The Waldorf Astoria Collection of luxury hotels were created after the original Waldorf Astoria in New York City. Other Hilton hotels often have the Waldorf name attached to them but are not necessarily part of the flagship brand. The hotels have presence in the US, China, the UK, Saudi Arabia, Italy, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands and Panama, with further development underway in China, UAE, Indonesia and Canada.Conrad Hotels Resorts These hotels began as the international arm of the American Hilton Company. Later, they were retained as a Luxury brand. Currently, they operate worldwide with presence in North and South America, Australia, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Africa.Full serviceFull service hotels cater to business and leisure travel and locations are often in major city centers, near convention centers as well as at major vacation destinations globally. This segment includes the following brands:Hilton Hotels ResortsThes e hotels are among the flagship brands of the company and one of the biggest and most recognizable hotels around the world. They are owned or managed by Hilton Worldwide or franchised to independent operators. The company has an extensive guest loyalty program with partnerships that range from airlines to car rental companies. These programs are applicable in all Hilton Worldwide hotels.DoubleTree by HiltonMost DoubleTree hotels are franchised though some are managed by the company itself. These hotels came under the Hilton Umbrella after the purchase of the Promus Hotel Company.Embassy SuitesThese are upscale hotels under the Hilton brand name. By 2011, there were 200 in the US with 8 operational internationally. Competitors include Cambria Suites and SpringHill Suites by Marriott.Curio A Collection by HiltonThese are unique hotels, different in every area they operate in. They aim to maintain the history and character of the city that they operate in. Select serviceThese are mid- prized full service hotels that cater to both business and leisure travelersHilton Garden InnThese hotels include basic amenities such as an onsite restaurant and a Pavilion Pantry that serves as a 24 hour convenience store. Most hotels will feature a pool and a fitness center along with high speed wifi access and a business center. Breakfast is usually not complimentary but bed and breakfast packages may be available.Hampton InnThese are limited service hotels and cater to more budget oriented business and leisure travelers. There are no restaurants onsite pr bell and concierge services. The chain had 1800 hotels by 2011 with a majority within the US. Some international locations include Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuafor, Mexico and the UK.Hampton Inn SuitesThese hotels offer the same service as the Hampton Inn with the addition of suites.  These are mid-prized full service hotels that cater to both business and leisure travelers.Extended stay suitesAs the name suggests, these hotels ar e for extended stays.Homewood Suites by HiltonThis chain had 310 hotels in 2012 with more under development. Most are managed by franchisees. These are upscale hotels are compete with Staybridge Suites and Residence Inn by Marriott.Home2 Suites by HiltonHomewood Suites by HiltonThese are a mid-range chain of hotels that offer a more adorable price tag for both business and leisure travelers. All hotels in this range are franchised.TimeshareIn this category of hotels, people will jointly own resort villas. These people are members and can use these facilities for limited periods of time the brand name for this segment is:Hilton Grand VacationsFranchisingOver the years, Hilton Worldwide has made a shift from a traditional hotel company to more of a consultant. This shift in business model was driven aggressively by the new owner, Blackstone Inc. Out of 4,080 Hilton properties, less than 4 percent are directly owned or leased by the company itself. Instead, the company will merely mana ge it for a share of the profits or it is completely operated by a franchisee.This model takes away real estate fluctuation concerns from the Hilton management. Problems such as property values and capital investment into building development and maintenance are no longer a concern. And keep the business growing despite global economic downturns. Instead, the focus is on developing the brand, the customer service and working on occupancy. Franchise fees keep up the revenue and consultant privileges ensure that a keen eye can be kept on compliance to hotel standards. Hilton retains control of most of its flagship properties, airport properties, and largest resorts.The downside of this arrangement is that during good times for business, the company will make less than the franchisee. This is not a major concern for the company at the moment. This model is popular among the hotel industry.CompetitorsThe company competes globally with major industry players such as  Marriott, Hyatt, Sta rwood Hotels and Resorts, ACCOR group, Choice Hotels, and Intercontinental Hotels. Key criteria for competition among these companies include locations, quality of rooms and services and global operations and presence. A 2006 comparison of major players shows how Hilton ranks among competitors.Comparison to CompetitorsHilton Hotels Marriott InternationalStarwood HotelsNumber of Hotels2,9352,832871Number of Rooms (Thousands)501514266Geographical Presence (Countries)7868100Occupancy (Percent)72.574.471.2Average Daily Rate (USD)115.4154.0191.6RevPAR (USD)82.5114.6136.3USPThough all top tier hotel chains aim to offer similar service as competitors, Hilton manages to deliver on service standardization, integrated IT systems and a keen focus on customer satisfaction. Apart from this, the company is not afraid to question itself. A few years ago, the company launched a global research program to support a brand reinvention activity. This helps the company stay relevant.Conrad Hilton Biogra phy

Student Activism - 1416 Words

Student activism v. 2010 Are the rabid ‘Makibaka’ days of the ‘70s back on our campuses today? By RACHEL C. BARAWID April 21, 2010, 12:37pm Many in the academic community condemn the violent protests that took place recently at their campuses and at the CHED office but student activists justify their acts as a last resort to air their grievances. Chair burning. Paint throwing. Effigies set on fire. Slogan screaming. Unadulterated violence. No, these are not scenes created by adult dissidents, but by radical Filipino students of today. Last month, people witnessed violent on-campus protests that led to the destruction of property at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, and the paint bombing of University of the Philippines Los†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Forms of protests like that are relegated to the most rabid, and to a certain extent, sinful persons. We’ve done it against Gen. Esperon in 2006 during the time two UP students were abducted. He went to UP to justify abductions and human rights violations of the regime. Tinapunan siya talaga ng itlog. Chancellor Velasco was pelted with paint bombs to express outrage for the years of repression and vilification of student organizations. In the last two years, I think he suspended the UPLB Student Council and the student publication, delayed the appointment of the Student Regent, and is also now responsible for the ousting of that particular Student Regent from UPLB precisely because he was sitting on her registration request papers,† Ridon laments. He also accused Velasco of being responsible for the vilification campaign against progressive organizations, student councils and publications, alleging they are fronts of the communist party at UPLB. Chancellor Velasco vehemently denies any of these charges, saying these were totally baseless and irresponsible statements. According to Velasco, he was not responsible for the ousting of Student Regent and senior UPLB Comm Arts student Charisse Baà ±ez. He says Baà ±ez had pending cases with the Student Disciplinary Tribunal (SDT) that prevented her from graduating in April 2009. Baà ±ez also reportedly failed to file a Leave of Absence (LOA) for the second semester of 2009, despite reminders by the CAS dean, the CAS Office of theShow MoreRelatedStudent Activism/Social Apathy1924 Words   |  8 Pagesof social action. College students seemed lit up with the passion to create change and reform the way things were in society. Across the nation, there was a liveliness on college campuses, an energy of relentless revolution which that generation is still revered for. On the modern-day college campus, there are no grand riots, protests, or strikes. It is hard to tell if this is an indication of social apathy or if young people have found new outlets for social activism. A structural functionalistRead MoreYouth Unrest1913 Words   |  8 PagesBrief overview of Student unrest in India India is also a country with a long tradition of student activism. The political demonstrations organized during the fight for independence saw the beginning of student unrest in India. Students participated in the independence struggle and thousands of students were arrested and put in jail because of their nationalist activities. There existed strong political student organizations on most Indian campuses representing not only the nationalists who wereRead MoreThe Gender Division Between Men And Women Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pageshas been made clear that the bare skin of females is inadmissible and is dangerous to our carefully crafted social order. Young men and women are enraged by their school’s sexist dress code policy and have begun to advocate for change through student activism. 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Through opposition caused by racismRead MoreActivism Essay 22948 Words   |  12 PagesACTIVISM: Activism is regarded an act directed to cause or bring about changes in politics, social, economic or environmental changes. Activism can be of opposing or in support of an argument which has controversy. Mostly activism is used in politics more often than in the other three mentioned areas. There are various ways of engaging in activism. Mostly activism is associated with protests and confrontations. Actually activism can take other various forms depending on the activists. Strikes, matchingRead MoreThe Influence of the Student Protest Movement on United States 1960s1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with controversies and the fight for equality. The Student Protest Movement was the fuel to the fire that feed many protests on several important matters. At the beginning the students stood for a positive change in America. It is certain that such beliefs gave theses activist the title of dreamers. They would start small but eventually make their way up ag ainst the government, also known as â€Å"the man†. The beginning of the movement held different beliefs from what eventuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Sal Castro And Maria Tula s Hear My Testimony1698 Words   |  7 Pagestreating him a certain way (badly), simply because of his culture. Through the testimonio, these early encounters show us how Castro’s identity and core values were shaped. Furthermore, Castro’s testimonio allows him to tell a fuller story of social activism. For example, Castro vividly recalls the Watts Riot that took place in Los Angeles. The Watts Riot was the result of the community reacting to allegations of police brutality against an African-American motorcyclist. 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Organizational Metaphor Definition and Examples

An organizational metaphor is a figurative comparison (that is, a metaphor, simile, or analogy) used to define the key aspects of an organization and/or explain its methods of operation. Organizational metaphors provide information about the value system of a company and about employers attitudes toward their customers and employees. Examples and Observations Kosheek Sewchurran and Irwin Brown: [M]etaphor is a basic structural form of experience by which human beings engage, organize, and understand their world. The organizational metaphor is a well-known way in which organizational experiences are characterized. We have come to understand organizations as machines, organisms, brains, cultures, political systems, psychic prisons, instruments of domination, etc. (Llewelyn 2003). The metaphor is a basic way in which human beings ground their experiences and continue to evolve them by adding new, related concepts that carry aspects of the original metaphor. Dvora Yanow: What we may discover in analyzing organizational metaphors are complex relationships between thought and action, between shape and reflection. Frederick Taylor on Workers as Machines Corey Jay Liberman: Perhaps the earliest metaphor used to define an organization was provided by Frederick Taylor, a mechanical engineer interested in better understanding the driving forces behind employee motivation and productivity. Taylor (1911) argued that an employee is very much like an automobile: if the driver adds gas and keeps up with the routine maintenance of the vehicle, the automobile should run forever. His  organizational metaphor for the most efficient and effective workforce was the well-oiled machine. In other words, as long as employees are paid fairly for their outputs (synonymous with putting gas into a vehicle), they will continue to work forever. Although both his view and metaphor (organization as machine) have been challenged, Frederick Taylor provided one of the first metaphors by which organizations operated. If an organizational employee knows that this is the metaphor that drives the organization, and that money and incentives are the true motivating factors, then this employee understands quite a bit about his organizational culture. Other popular metaphors that have surfaced over the years include organization as family, organization as system, organization as circus, organization as team, organization as culture, organization as prison, organization as organism, and the list goes on. Wal-Mart Metaphors Michael Bergdahl: The people-greeters give you the feeling that you are part of the Wal-Mart family and they are glad you stopped by. They are trained to treat you like a neighbor because they want you to think of Wal-Mart as your neighborhood store. Sam [Walton] called this approach to customer service aggressive hospitality. Nicholas Copeland and Christine Labuski: Lawyers representing these women [in the court case Wal-Mart v. Dukes] . . . claimed that Wal-Marts family model of management relegated women to a complementary yet subordinate role; by deploying a family metaphor within the company, Wal-Marts corporate culture naturalized the hierarchy between their (mostly) male managers and a (mostly) female workforce (Moreton, 2009). Rebekah Peeples Massengill: Framing Wal-Mart as a kind of David in a battle with Goliath is no accidental move--Wal-Mart, of course, has worn the nickname of the retail giant in the national media for over a decade, and has even been tagged with the alliterative epithet the bully from Bentonville. Attempts to turn the tables of this metaphor challenge the person-based language that otherwise frames Wal-Mart as a behemoth bent on expansion at all costs. Robert B. Reich: Think of Wal-Mart as a giant steamroller moving across the global economy, pushing down the costs of everything in its path--including wages and benefits--as it squeezes the entire production system. Kaihan Krippendorff: After experiencing the flaws of having someone in Bentonville make decisions about human resources in Europe, Wal-Mart decided to move critical support functions closer to Latin America. The metaphor it used for describing this decision is that the organization is an organism. As the head of People for Latin American explains, in Latin America Wal-Mart was growing a new organism. If it was to function independently, the new organization needed its own vital organs. Wal-Mart defined three critical organs--People, Finance, and Operations--and positioned them in a new Latin American regional unit. Charles Bailey: A metaphor seeps deeply into organizational narratives because the metaphor is a way of seeing. Once established it becomes a filter through which participants both old and new see their reality. Soon enough the metaphor becomes the reality. If you use the football metaphor you would think that the fire department ran a series of set plays; finite, divisible, independent actions. You could also assume that at the end of these short segments of violent action, everyone stopped, set up the next plan and then acted again. A metaphor fails when it does not accurately reflect core organizational processes. The football metaphor fails because fires are extinguished in one, essentially, contiguous action, not a series of set plays. There are no designated times for decision making in firefighting and certainly no timeouts, though my aging bones might wish that there were.

The effects of violence video games Free Essays

The research topic that we have chose is violence video game on teenagers. The reason of this research is conducted is because teenagers spend a great deal of time with violent video games at exactly the ages that they should be learning healthy ways to relate to other people and to resolve conflicts peacefully. Because video games are such good teachers, it is critical to help parents, educators, and policy- makers understand how to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential harms. We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of violence video games or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research is an academic research and this is to study the effect of teenagers n playing violent video games and to study the impact of violent video games on individuals differently. The question of whether teenagers’ participation in violent video games can lead to an increase in violent thoughts, emotions and behaviors, this study will provide this answer are based on statistical comparisons between large groups of teenagers who do or dont play violent video games. RQI : What are the effects of violent video games on Teenagers? RQ2: How do violent video games affect teenagers? RQ3: Are violent video games a negative effect teenagers social skills and interactions ith others? RQ4: How teenagers’ participation in violent video games can lead to an increase in violent thoughts, emotions and behaviors? This research will utilize both qualitative and quantitative research tools. The purposes of this research is to observe the behaviour and attitude of the teenagers before and after when they spent their time to play the violent video games through observational studies and sample survey. The target audiences that we are researching are teenagers who are age in between in 13 years old to 18 years old. The reason of the audience that we are targeted is because at the age of 13 to 18 years old, teenagers generally spend more time on the video games as compare to some other category group. The media text in this research are video game and specific in violent type of video game. There are two different groups of research sample. The first group are formed by 5 female and 5 male who are teenagers. These group will be tested in experimental room and we are providing them a few genre of video games, example of the games are Call of duty, Grand Thief Auto (GTA) and others. The teenagers will be observed while they are playing the violent video game. The finding will be base on their reaction and behaviour during they play, their temper and attitude as in before playing the game and after playing the game. The second group are 100 people and comprises of 50 male and 50 female, the sampling process will be based on randomly select for 50 people regardless male and female to ensure for the reliability and fairness of the method. The second group will be given them with the questionnaire and the location that we are selected is in the cyber cafe or digital mall. How to cite The effects of violence video games, Papers

Collin’s ATM System Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collins ATM System . Answer: System Vision Document: Business Requirements The major business requirement is the construction of an ATM system is to design software that would enable the machine to carry out various activities such as reading the ATM card of the user (Ramadan et al., 2017). Hardwares such as keyboard and monitor is also required to enable the machine to interact with the system. Other hardware requirements include a slot in the machine for delivering cash, a receipt printer, uninterrupted internet service that would always maintain the updated information system with the bank (Bahill Madni, 2017). Moreover, PIN verification is the essential requirement, then after the authorization of the user is also essential. Moreover, maintenance of the system is an essential requirement. The Collins ATM was required by the bank so that they could easily provide various transaction facilities to the customers. It serves the users such that they can easily withdraw and deposit money in the bank after the verification of the card by the bank and the pin verification. The Collins ATM system is a necessity for the customers as each time they have to either withdraw or deposit cash they have to visit the bank. This creates a huge crowd and it becomes very difficult for the bank officials to carry out work. The introduction of the ATM system helps the users to keep a check on the bank account transactions. Moreover, the customers face a lot of problems in getting the prior history of the transaction (Bahill Madni, 2017). With the introduction of the Collins ATM system would provide hassle free transaction information to the users. The users can easily obtain the report of the transactions through the ATM. It also helps the users to withdraw money from the bank without visiting the bank during any time. System capabilities Transaction is possible with all the banks available. Deposition of money can take place at any time Gathering information about the account balance does not incorporate hassle. The history of the previous transactions can also be gathered (Islam Muzemder, 2015). Minimal transaction fees. Regularly updating the transaction report to the bank. The facility is simple and easy to understand. Fast card and PIN verification Business benefits The objectives of the construction of the Collins ATM are described as follows: Gaining increased number of customers. To provide the customers hassle free money withdrawal facility to the customers. To enhance the bank account security of the customers. To digitalize the banking activities. To provide the customers easy transaction information. Incorporation of Information Technology into the banking sector. The long term goal of the Collins ATM system is to develop software that provides the ease to the customers regarding the bank transactions. It basically aims at providing hassle free transaction facility to the users. The development of highly secured software such as an encrypted version would also help to mitigate the security risk that the bank sectors commonly face. The major purpose of the ATM system is to update the existing software such that it maintains the security of the transaction implemented by the users (Batuwangala et al., 2017). Most of the ATMs incorporate transactional charges such as the printing of receipt requires minimal amount of charge, this issue is to be mitigated by the Collins ATM. The scope of the ATM is to provide strong security measure in the transactions via Collins ATM. The further scope is to increase the limit of transaction in a particular day by a particular user and moreover, the transaction charges on the printing of the receipt should be removed. Moreover, the Collins ATM is also working on extending the ATM services into mobile and web based applications as it will provide easy access to the services of the Collins banking services (Kulkarni, Madki Mapari, 2016). The incorporation of more advanced security system such as thumb and face recognition system would also increase the security of the user account and credentials (Soares Gaikwad, 2016). The Collins ATM system includes various limitations in which the security limitation is the major issue. The Collins ATM system is involved in incorporating the more advanced encryption based security system such that the risks of data leakage would come to stop. There is a limitation on the number of transactions per day that should be increased. Moreover there is also a limitation on the maximum amount that can be withdrawn at one particular time. Resources required The various resources required are mentioned below: Location for setting the ATM Infrastructure Administrative team Bank report supplier team Internet operator Software maintenance team Policy makers Hardware designer team. Requirement file generation team Stakeholders Map The various stakeholders involved with the Collins ATM are the employees in the ATM, the customers that use the ATM, and the bank with whom the ATM would have a contract and the users can withdraw money from one ATM featuring many banks (Nrman et al., 2014). Risk involved in the Collins ATM The major risk in the Collins ATM system is the failure of the ATM system. The other risks include the shortage of cash in the ATM as well as the security risk such as data breaches of the users (Curtin et al., 2017). The major risk associated with the ATM is the bank account getting hacked. The method involves the usage of fake cards built using the datas, such as bank account information collected from cameras and other tiny devices that are termed as skimmers. Other fraudster activities would include the placing of a plastic film in the card slot such that the card is not expelled by the machine, and the attacker pretending as a genuine card holder suggests the victim to re-enter the pin and thus, notices it. When the card holder leaves, the fraudster retraces the password and withdraws the money. Other risks involved in the business is the loss of server connection, this would lead to the loss of customer and decrement in the business. Moreover, the security breaches are consider ed as the greatest risk involved in the ATM business. Moreover, there may be cases when the bank would not agree to invest in Collins ATM. References Bahill, A. T., Madni, A. M. (2017). Discovering system requirements. InTradeoff Decisions in System Design(pp. 373-457). Springer, Cham. Bahill, A. T., Madni, A. M. (2017). Discovering system requirements. InTradeoff Decisions in System Design(pp. 373-457). Springer, Cham. Batuwangala, E., Ramasamy, S., Bogoda, L., Sabatini, R. (2017). Safety and security considerations in the certification of next generation avionics and air traffic management systems. In17th Australian International Aerospace Congress: AIAC 2017(p. 440). Engineers Australia, Royal Aeronautical Society. Curtin, J. L., Grace, K., Glantz, L., Heenan, P., Holsclaw, B. R., Horner, J., Brittany, Y. O. R. K. (2017).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/607,961. Dixon, D. A. (2017).U.S. Patent No. 9,836,792. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Islam, S., Muzemder, A. S. H. (2015). An Overview on LNG Business and Future Prospect in Bangladesh.Science,3(5), 40-45. Kulkarni, R., Madki, M., Mapari, T. (2016). CARD-LESS ATM SYSTEM.International Education and Research Journal,2(4). Nrman, P., Franke, U., Knig, J., Buschle, M., Ekstedt, M. (2014). Enterprise architecture availability analysis using fault trees and stakeholder interviews.Enterprise Information Systems,8(1), 1-25. Ramadan, Q., Salnitriy, M., Strber, D., Jrjens, J., Giorgini, P. (2017, September). From Secure Business Process Modeling to Design-Level Security Verification. InModel Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS), 2017 ACM/IEEE 20th International Conference on(pp. 123-133). IEEE. Soares, J., Gaikwad, A. N. (2016, April). A self banking biometric machine with fake detection applied to fingerprint and iris along with GSM technology for OTP. InCommunication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2016 International Conference on(pp. 0508-0512). IEE

Snmp - Report free essay sample

The objectives of this report are to provide the reader with a clearer understanding of network management, the concepts inherent in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), comparisons of SNMP with other network management protocols, how SNMPs are used in network management, and, finally, to provide the results of experiments carried out using several different modem configurations. SNMP is an internet-standard system of digital message format, or protocol, for managing devices on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modems are examples of such devices that support SNMP. It was introduced in 1988 to meet the growing need for managing Internet Protocol (IP) devices [2] and is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. SNMP includes an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects [1]. Network management is a general concept that employs the use of various tools and techniques, and systems to aid human beings in managing various devices, system, or networks. We will write a custom essay sample on Snmp Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One such model of network management is called FCAPS, or Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management. Under the SNMP system and the FCAPS model, one or more administrative computers, called managers, are tasked to monitor and/or manage one or more pieces of software, called agents, which run on the network device. Specifically, the manager is a server which is running some kind of software system that can handle management tasks for a network. SNMP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the transport protocol for passing data between managers and agents. The upside to the unreliable nature of UDP is that it requires low overhead, so the impact on the network’s performance is reduced. Management information is the operational parameters of SNMP-capable devices. The definition of managed objects can be broken down into three attributes: Name, Type and syntax, and Encoding. Managed objects are organized into a treelike hierarchy, this is the basis for SNMP’s naming scheme. Care must be taken when identifying managed objects or Object Identifiers (OIDs), across different versions of SNMP as there are enhancements to the naming scheme. Table of Contents Summary faults, collecting long term performance data, remote configuration of devices, and the remote control of a device. Another aspect of SNMP is network monitoring, or the monitoring of an entire network as opposed to individual routers, hosts, and other devices. This is called Remote Network Monitoring (RMON) and it can be used to monitor not only LAN traffic, but WAN interfaces as well. In the SNMP system, there are two kinds of entities: managers and agents. A manager is a server running some kind of software system that can handle management tasks for a network. Managers are often referred to as Network Management Stations (NMSs). An NMS is responsible for polling and receiving traps from agents in the network. A poll, in the context of network management, is the act of querying an agent (router, switch, Unix server, etc. ) for some piece of information. A trap, on the other hand, is a way for the agent to tell the NMS that something has happened. The agent is a piece of software that runs on the network devices that are being managed. It can be a separate program or it can be incorporated into the operating system. Today, most IP devices come with some kind of SNMP agent built in. The agent also provides management information to the NMS by keeping track of various operational aspects of the device. When the agent notices that something bad has happened, it can send a trap to the NMS, where it is handled appropriately. Figure 1: Relationship between an NMS and an Agent Network Management SNMP is really about network management. Network management is a general concept that employs the use of various tools, techniques, and systems to aid human beings in managing various devices, systems, or networks. One such model for network management is called FCAPS, or Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management. Fault management is used to detect, log, and notify users of systems or networks of problems as downtime of any kind is usually not acceptable. Fault management dictates that fault resolution first isolates the problem by using tools to determine symptoms, tries to resolve the problem, and then finally record the process that was used to detect and resolve the problem. Configuration management is used to monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed. This information generally is stored in a database of some kind. As configuration parameters change for systems, this database is updated. This data store can also aid in problem resolution. Accounting Management is used to ensure that computing and network resources are sued fairly by all groups or individuals who access them. Through this form of regulation, network problems can be minimized since resources are divided based on capacities. Performance management is used to measure and report on various aspects of network or system performance. Performance management usually starts when performance data is first gathered. Baseline levels are then established based on analysis of the data gathered. Finally, performance thresholds are established. A problem usually happens when these thresholds are exceeded. The last aspect of FCAPS is Security Management which is used to control access to some resources, such as a network and its hosts, and to help detect and prevent attacks that can compromise networks and hosts. Security management does not only involve network security systems but also physical security. This is usually accomplished through the use of various tools and systems such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPSs), antivirus systems and policy management. Applying the Concepts of Network Management The endeavor of network management involves solving a business problem through an implementation of some sort. The basic idea is to reduce costs and increase effectiveness. There are four different possible levels of activity when it comes to managing a specific service or device. Inactive, where no monitoring is being done, reactive, where a problem is dealt with only after it occurs, interactive, where components are monitored and interacted with to troubleshoot them, and finally, proactive, where the system provides a root-cause alarm then initiates predefined automatic restoral processes all while being monitored. However, the ability to monitor a service or system interactively or proactively begins with trend analysis and reporting. Accounting Accounting Security Security Performance Performance Fault Fault Configuration Configuration Network Management Network Management Change Management Change Management Proactive Proactive Inactive Inactive Reactive Reactive Interactive Interactive Trend Analysis Trend Analysis Response Time Reporting Response Time Reporting Alarm Correlation Alarm Correlation Figure 2: Concept of Network Management Trend Analysis and Reporting In general, the goal of trend analysis is to identify when systems, services, or networks are beginning to reach their maximum capacity, with enough lead time to do something about it before it becomes a real problem for end users. Trend analysis is aided by Response Time Reporting which measures how various aspects of the network (including systems) are performing with respect to responsiveness. To narrow down the many alerts and events into a single alert or several events that depict the real problem, Alarm Correlation is used. Alarm Correlation is also used to help operators know that an agent is indeed up and operational after being in a bad state. Trending also helps determine which device is constantly unreliable for investigation. The key to trouble resolution for the operator is knowing which information provided is valuable and can help resolve the problem. If possible, alerts and alarms should provide the operator with enough detail so that he or she can effectively troubleshoot and resolve a problem. However, in the event that the network is altered, planned or not, change management is used to prevent unreliable networks and systems, and ensure the correct level of notification with minimal user impact. The key steps for change management are: 1. Assigning a change controller. 2. Holding periodic change review meetings. Documenting change input requirements. 4. Documenting change output requirements. 5. Defining a change approval process. 6. Holding post-mortem meetings. 7. Developing an emergency change procedure. Subsequently, change planning is a process that identifies the risk level of a change and builds change planning requirements to ensure that the change is successful. The eight key steps for change planning are: 1. Assigning all potential changes a risk level prior to scheduling the change. 2. Documenting at least three risk levels with corresponding change planning requirements. Identifying risk levels for software and hardware upgrades, topology changes, routing changes, configuration changes, and new deployments. 4. Assigning higher risk levels to nonstandard add, move, or change types of activity. 5. Including lab validation, vendor review, peer review, and detailed configuration and design documentation. 6. Creating solution templates for deployments affecting multiple sites. 7. Including information about physical layout, logical design, configuration, software versions, acceptable hardware chassis and modules, and deployment guidelines. 8. Documenting network standards for configuration, software version, supported hardware, and DNS. Finally, caution must be taken when implementing a network management system as this can mean adding more staff to handle the increased load of maintaining and operating such an environment. On the other hand, this monitoring should reduce the workload of the system administration staff. The Structure of Management Information The Structure of Management Information (SMI) provides a way to define managed objects and their behavior. An agent has in its possession a list of the objects that it tracks.

Biography of Charles Kettering, Inventor of the Electrical Ignition System

Biography of Charles Kettering, Inventor of the Electrical Ignition System The first electrical ignition system or electric starter motor for cars was invented by General Motors (GM) engineers Clyde Coleman and Charles Kettering. The self-starting ignition was first installed in a Cadillac on February 17, 1911. The invention of the electric starter motor by Kettering eliminated the need for hand cranking. The United States Patent #1,150,523, was issued to Kettering in 1915.   Kettering  founded the company Delco and headed research at  General Motors  from 1920 to 1947.   Early Years Charles was born in  Loudonville, Ohio, in 1876. He was the fourth of five children born to Jacob Kettering and Martha Hunter Kettering. Growing up he could not see well in school, which gave him headaches. After graduation, he became a teacher. He led scientific demonstrations for students on electricity, heat, magnetism, and gravity. Kettering also took classes at  The College of Wooster, and then transferred to  The Ohio State University. He still had eye problems, though, which forced him to withdraw. He then worked as foreman of a telephone line crew. He learned he could apply his electrical engineering skills on the job. He also met his future wife, Olive Williams. His eye problems got better, and he was able to go back to school. Kettering graduated from OSU in 1904 with an  electrical engineering  degree. Inventions Begin Kettering began working at a research laboratory at  National Cash Register. He invented an easy credit approval system, a precursor to todays credit cards, and the electric cash register, which made ringing up sales physically much easier for sales clerks all over the country.  During his five years at NCR, from 1904 to 1909, Kettering earned 23 patents for NCR.   Beginning in 1907, his NCR co-worker  Edward A. Deeds​  urged Kettering to improve the automobile. Deeds and Kettering invited other NCR engineers, including  Harold E. Talbott​, to join them in their quest. They first set out to improve the ignition.  In 1909, Kettering resigned from NCR to work full-time on automotive developments which included the invention of the  self-starting  ignition. Freon   In 1928, Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Kettering invented a Miracle Compound called Freon. Freon is now infamous for greatly adding to the depletion of the earths ozone shield. Refrigerators from the late 1800s until 1929 used the toxic  gases, ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), as refrigerants. Several fatal accidents occurred in the 1920s because of methyl chloride leakage from  refrigerators. People started leaving their refrigerators in their backyards. A collaborative effort began between three American corporations, Frigidaire, General Motors, and DuPont to search for a less dangerous method of refrigeration. Freon represents several different chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are used in commerce and industry. The CFCs are a group of aliphatic organic compounds containing the elements carbon and fluorine, and, in many cases, other halogens (especially chlorine) and hydrogen. Freons are colorless, odorless, nonflammable, noncorrosive  gases  or liquids. Kettering died in November 1958.

Answer to Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer to - Assignment Example Blood related measurements included hemoglobin A1c concentration, HDL, LDL, fibrinogen, and triglyceride levels. Demographic data, diet information, and medical history were also obtained at baseline. The researchers used factor analysis models to determine the extent of the alcohol-CVD relationship through the evaluation of intermediate variables. The results show a J-shaped relationship between alcohol and CVD events. They also found that the reduced risk of CVD found in moderate drinkers is mostly explained by the effect of alcohol on intermediate health factors such as lipids, metabolism, inflammatory agents, and blood pressure. Appropriately, the authors suggest that these findings will need to be tested across populations in order to clarify the mechanisms involved in the relationship model. The quality of this research is strengthened through the large sample size included for analysis. It would have been an improvement to offer a breakdown of the results based on the obtained demographic data, though the task may have over-complicated the results. Overall this research presents worthy information that should prove

Challenge of Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Challenge of Intercultural Communication - Essay Example Intercultural perspective helps to deepen our knowledge and broaden horizons. During my studies I was involved in the common project with my Iranian friend, we provided each other with useful insights about our countries. Comparative analysis made our essays better and, as a result, we both got excellent marks. Even though now I understand how beneficial intercultural experiences might be, earlier I had some prejudice regarding meeting representatives of other cultures. I was especially suspicious about meeting Iranian men, whom I imagined as very closed-minded and even dangerous people. Probably, such prejudice was formed in my mind by popular mass media, talking a lot about Muslim terrorists and difficulties in negotiations with Iran. When I first met Ahmad, first representative of his race, ethnicity, nationality and religion, I was confused and hesitated to start conversation. However, our common task made me do so, and when we started talking, I realized that I met very interesting open-minded person with broad and yet deep knowledge in different spheres of social sciences. Ice was broken, we made a great common project and even became friends afterwards. Later on, I told him about my initial prejudice and we laughed together on it. This intercultural encounter has taught me to be mor e open to representatives of other cultures. I made more international friends which made my life more exciting. I believe that it is important to be able to overcome all stereotypes and prejudices as this is essential basis for our own well-being, the way to enrich our life and make it more interesting. Most importantly, this is the only possible way to peaceful coexistence in our world, which is so diverse and intercultural, though globalized and highly interconnected. Advertisement campaigns usually appeal to societal values, which are important for consumers. Companies try to understand the identity of the person who would buy the

The Concept Of Haccp And Risk Analysis Biology Essay

The Concept Of Haccp And Risk Analysis Biology Essay Food safety is an important issue. The trust of consumers, food safety and quality, and this will be they expected to. Consumers also expect to be able to provide the information; you can help them make informed decisions about the composition of the food, this information, whether it is on the product label or by advertising, not false or misleading. Food safety is a discipline to be describing the handling, preparation and storage food to prevent food borne illnesses. The statistics on food borne illness speak for themselves. Regulatory officials and their management of retail and food service industry must cooperate the other side, if we want to prevent or reduce food borne illness. This Manual was prepared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in partnership with federal, state and local regulatory agencies, industry, academia and consumers, to help you operators of the retail and food service establishments, your efforts to produce safe food. This includes man y routines of that should be followed to prevent potentially severe of the health hazards. In this line of thought is the safety of the track between the industry and the market, between the market and consumers. Considerations in food safety, including consideration of industry market practices, the origin of the food, including on food label, food hygiene and food of the additives, as well as biotechnology and food policies and government import and export management guidelines for food inspection and certification system. Consider the market of consumer behavior, it is usually thought that the food should be on the market should be safe, concern consumer food safe delivery and preparation. 2.0 Answer of Question 1 As a food safety expert, what considerations that needs to advocate to ensure a food safe facility is the steps of receive until serving are the most important part. When you have followed the steps nicely then it can avoid from being affect by bacteria. And if you already follow the steps then it will sure your food will be cleanness and healthier. The steps for the food safe facility are very important. Below retail on common steps, in order to assist in your decision-making, and steps you through the procedures in this document. All of the steps are receiving, storage, preparation, cooking, cooling, reheating, holding and serving. 2.1 Receiving The receiving food safety is an important step. In the receiver, the main concern is the contamination of pathogens, and the formation of harmful toxins. The importance of the proposed control measures in steps are rapidly into cold storage at the proper temperature and food spoilage of food and access to food, food additives and packaging materials from legitimate sources. Ready to eat, potentially hazardous food received special attention. This will not be cooked before the food service, the growth of pathogenic bacteria, refrigerated in this step, the food can be eaten at any time can be considered to be an important risk. Prerequisite programs, in order to control the temperature of the product is generally of the hazard, these products are mostly in the receiving sufficient control. At a suitable temperature, and when it arrives, if there is a potential danger if it is at a temperature of 5Â °C or below freezing, if it is at a temperature of 60Â °C or above heat and it is the frozen hard, rather than partially thawed. When this problem happens, then reject potentially dangerous food to pass internal temperature between 5Â °C and 60Â °C. Unless the supplier can prove a time segment, in which the food has been at 5Â °C and 60Â °C not impair food security. In addition to checking the temperature of the product, you should check the appearance, smell, color and condition of the packaging. 2.2 Storage When the food in refrigerated storage, food safety management system should focus on maintain temperature control to limit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that may be present, in the preparation of food products and store food, such as ready to eat foods, cross-contamination of raw animal foods to prevent. When determining the storage temperature and the frequency of monitoring in refrigeration products, you may decide to set the temperature lower than what is required by local regulations. Set temperature is lower than what your regulatory requirements, the bacteria begin to grow small upward bias temperature detected by frequent monitoring, can be quickly corrected. For example, if you are storing potentially dangerous, ready to eat food under refrigeration, you may decide to set critical limits of the refrigeration unit to run in 38Â °F. This provides a safety cushion, you have the opportunity to see the trend of more than 41Â °F and the appropriate corrective measures to inte rvene before the bacteria begin to grow to dangerous levels. Ready to eat food, it is best to check the temperature inside the control procedures. You should assess whether it is realistic and feasible for you to do this depends on your food storage volumes. You can choose your monitoring system based on air temperature refrigeration equipment as a prerequisite for the program. How often you should monitor the air temperature depends on your capacity and the use of refrigeration equipment and the number and type of food stored in the cold storage units. 2.3 Preparation Of all the operational steps, preparation has the greatest variety of activities that should be controlled, monitored, and in some cases, documented. This is impossible, including a summary of the manual covers a variety of menus, the skills of the staff and facilities design, influence the preparation of food. The preparation step may involve a plurality of procedures, including thawing, mixing together ingredients cutting, chopping, slicing, or breading. Preparatory steps, the premise of the program can be developed, to control some of the hazards, and assist in the implementation of food safety management system, to minimize the growth of bacteria and from the staff and equipment contamination. Prepared in small quantities for controlling bacteria growth it because the restriction of the amount of food prepared is an important tool that allows the growth temperature, maintained at the time of food minimized. The pre-planning of the volume of the food and minimize the time for prep aring the desired time the food is in the dangerous temperature region, the steps in this operation. The thawing of the frozen food products to maintain the proper temperature and time management is the primary control, to minimize bacterial growth. Procedures should be in place to reduce the potential for microbial, chemical and physical contamination during thawing. 2.4 Cooking Animal derived food cooking is the most effective steps to reduce or eliminate biological contamination. Cooking time specified to the proper temperature will kill most harmful bacteria and parasites. Therefore, frequent cooking temperature monitoring, it is strongly recommended. You should be determined to ensure that the proper cooking temperature and time to achieve the best system to use. Cooking raw animal foods, special consideration should be given to the time and temperature. In the development of the HACCP plan or prerequisite, it is important to understand the critical limit is a particular product in the cooking steps. For example, security cooking temperature or time for the poultry is 165Â °F is 15 seconds; 15 seconds with 155Â °F minced beef is safe cooking temperature. 2.5 Cooling If you want to cook, you intend after cooling and the use of potentially hazardous food, and then you need food cooled to 5Â °C or lower temperature as quickly as possible. Possible, even if it has been cooked foods cause food poisoning bacteria. These bacteria are able to grow faster cooling time limit or the formation of toxins. Cooling cooked potentially hazardous food, within a period of cooling food are from 60Â °C 21Â °C within in two hours and from 21Â °C to 5Â °C within a further four hours. This means that you have a cold food for up to six hours, from 60Â °C to 5Â °C or below. If you do not know how your food fast cooling, using a probe thermometer to measure the most warm food usually in the center section. Rapid cold food, break it down into smaller parts in shallow containers. Be careful not to contaminate the food when you do so. 2.6 Reheating If the food does not correct the temperature is maintained at a sufficiently long time, the pathogens have the opportunity to breeding dangerous figures. Appropriate reheating provides an important control to eliminate these organisms. Remember although proper reheating will kill most organisms of concern, it does not eliminate the toxins in the body, such as Bacillus cereus food borne viruses produce. Immediate use of any potentially hazardous food has been held between 5Â °C and 60Â °C, and more than two hours, but discarded food, has been held more than 5Â °C and 60Â °C for 4 hours. 2.7 Holding When cooking process to eliminate the bacteria, the spore-forming bacteria should be destroyed. If not at the proper temperature, without temperature control, held at the appropriate time in the cooked food, the rapid growth of this spore-forming bacterium is a big problem. Keeping food products at 135Â °F or above during hot holding and keeping food products at or below 41Â °F is effective in preventing microbial growth. As an alternative, the temperature control details of Food Code action, when used alone as a control, including a comprehensive monitoring and food labeling system to ensure food safety. 2.8 Serving Food before it reaches the customer, which is the last step of the operation. When employees work with food and food contact surfaces, they can easily spread bacteria parasites and viruses. Manage personal hygiene is important to control these hazards. Recommend employees personal health management program, implemented to solve the following proper hand washing procedures, appropriate use of gloves and dispensing utensils and the control bare hand contact with ready to eat food. Specific program recommends that customers self-service displays, such as to protect food from contamination of salad bars and buffets. Special consideration should be given to prevent cross-contamination, contaminated equipment and equipment to minimize pollution customers. 3.0 Conclusion of Question 1 In conclusion, when you cook or have a food then you should follow the steps that mention above. You take positive measures to improve the security you establish food sales. As we know, food is very important for us and it may cause us healthier or death. So that we should follow the steps nicely and make sure that the food is clean and make sure it safe to eat. Bacteria is the most difficult thing to prevent when you want to cook, bacteria will around any place and we cannot feel it or touch it but it can easily make the food become unhealthy. If you follow the steps that mention at above then it sure will help prevent those bacteria and also can easier cook out a healthy food. 1.0 Introduction of Question 2 In order to strengthen food security, food production per stage is from are receiving, storage, preparation, cooking, cooling, reheating, holding and serving strict monitoring should be carried out. Food security has already become important and most of the proprietor or customer will be attach importance to this food security. The HACCP system is a scientific, systematic approach to identify assess and control hazards in the food production process. HACCP system, food safety control integrated design process, rather than relying on the testing of the last product. Therefore, the HACCP system in food safety, it can prevention and cost-effective way. 2.0 Answer of Question 2 The Codex Alimentarius Commission sets out seven principles for the basis of HACCP systems. Applies only to the seven principles of HACCP has completed a preliminary step in the development of the HACCP plan. 2.1 The seven principles of HACCP 2.1.1 Principles 1-Conduct a Hazard Analysis The application of this principle relates to the steps in the listing process and identify significant harm is likely to occur. HACCP team will focus on hazards is to prevent, eliminate or control the HACCP plan. Reported reasons include or exclude the danger, and to determine the possible control measures. 2.1.2 Principles 2-Identify Critical Control Points (CCP) Critical Control Point (CCP) is a point, and it is step or procedure can be applied to control the food safety hazard can be prevented, can be eliminated or can be reduced to an acceptable of a level. HACCP team will use the CCP decision tree to help determine the critical control points in the process. The critical control points can control more than one food safety hazards, or in some cases, it is necessary to control a single dangerous more than one of CCP. CPC needed depends on the number to ensure that the required processing steps and control of food safety. 2.1.3 Principles 3-Establish Critical Limits Critical limits (CL) is a CCP, in order to avoid, eliminate or reduce become an acceptable of a level, biological, chemical or physical parameters of food safety hazards must be controlled at the maximum and or minimum value. Usually a key restriction measures, such as time, temperature, water activity (Aw), pH value, weight, or some other measure is based on the scientific literature and or regulatory standards. 2.1.4 Principles 4-Establish Monitoring Procedures Once you have determined the critical control points and critical limits, need someone to track the critical control point, food flows through operation. Monitoring, including direct observation or measurement of critical control point is under control, insist on the establishment of critical limits. 2.1.5 Principles 5-Establish Corrective Actions Occasional processes or procedures in monitoring critical control points will not be able to comply with the established critical limit. It happens when this step is to establish a plan has not been met in the critical limit to the critical control points. The operator can determine the action of these actions is to convey to the employees, and train them to make the right of the decisions. This preventive are approach to this heart of the HACCP. Problems, but you need to find them, correct them before they lead to illness or injury. 2.1.6 Principles 6-Establish Verification Procedures This principle is to ensure that the system is the science of sound, effective control of hazards. In addition, this step ensures that specified when the system is running according to plan. Specified personal favorite manager regularly observe the activities of staff supervision, calibration equipment and temperature measuring devices, review of records or actions with employees to discuss the program. The purpose of all these activities is to deal with the issue of food security to ensure that the HACCP plan, if not, check to see is it needs to be make it better or modified. 2.1.7 Principles 7-Establish Record Keeping Procedures There are written records or documents needed to verify that systems are still working. This record is usually involved in the HACCP planning and monitoring, corrective action is taken, or calibration records of the operation of the HACCP system in the production. You can also include verification records. Maintenance records, records in the HACCP system is a sustained and effective system is in the place. Record of keeping it should be as simple as possible, so that more staff will have enough time to keep the records. 2.2 Risk Analysis Food safety risk analysis is essential, not only to the production or manufacture of goods and products of the highest quality, to ensure the safety and protection of public health, also in line with international standards and national standards, market regulations. 2.2.1 Risk Assessment The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department adopts the risk analysis framework promulgated by international food safety authorities in controlling food safety. The risk analysis consists of three functions, namely, risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. The risk assessment can control the scientific basis for action. Risk assessment should incorporate the four steps of risk assessment example is hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Experienced in the risk assessment process, with the food or food ingredient hazard assessment and the potential risks of the population to be evaluated in order to develop appropriate risk management measures and risk communication information to protect public health. 2.2.2 Risk Management The risk assessment and risk communication, risk management is an important part of the risk analysis. This introduces a factor of the process of the successful implementation of the risk management needs. It describes the steps to identify and assess food safety risks, evaluate all available options to manage these risks, implementation of risk management decisions, and to ensure that the decision was the most appropriate. Risk management should take a comprehensive view of possible human health risk management. The process of risk management and decision-making should be transparent and appropriate records for different audiences. The risk management needs of a wide range of communication, coordination and collaboration, risk management and risk assessment, and with external stakeholders. 2.2.3 Risk Communication Therefore, if this is very important, in the end what is a food safety risk communication? While risk communication is a very complex subject, it is very simple in nature. Food safety risk communication is a three-step process, began to conduct a risk assessment, food safety scientists and statisticians part of the assessment of the likelihood of public health risk. The second step is risk management, health officials, scientific experts, food manufacturers and retailers work together to determine exactly what steps you need to ensure public safety. The third step is to risk communication, sharing of information and advice, with the consumption of the general public, and with the other parties in the production and preparation of food, food distribution and sales. From their experience in risk communication, International Food Information Council has developed a set of guidelines to help ensure that the right information reaches stakeholders and consumers, enabling them to make infor med decisions about the food they eat, their security. It is Understand and addresses the public concern and communicates with clarity and sympathy. 3.0 Conclusion of Question 2 Nowadays, food safety has become very important. Most of the proprietor and customer are attach importance to the food safety. Because when restaurant make out the food with not safety and the customer having the stale food then it may cause food poison or more serious it also can cause death. So to avoid this thing happen then HACCP is the better way to help you prevent the bacteria. Those seven principles are very important; all of restaurant, supplier should follow the principles to prevent bacteria and provide a healthy food. And then about risk analysis also one of the important thing for us. So, if you want make food safety then you should follow the steps of HACCP with nicely.

Nutritional needs

Insufficiency leads to Beriberi, Wrinkle-Coworkers syndrome Riboflavin (32) Insufficiency leads to Riboflavin's Intact (83) Peanuts Legumes Enriched grains Insufficiency leads to diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis Cabling (Bal 2) Animal protein Insufficiency leads to pernicious anemia Folic Acid Orange Juice Leafy green vegetables Insufficiency leads to anemia and neural tube defects Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C): wound healing, hormone synthesis Citrus fruits Insufficiency leads to scurvy, bleeding gums Vitamin A: vision, tissue growth, immune, reproductive function Animal foodsFortified milk Insufficiency leads to night blindness, cerographical Vitamin D: calcium and phosphorus metabolism, PATH, kidney Fortified food sources Insufficiency leads to rickets, astronomical Vitamin E: antioxidant, immune Vegetable oil Margarine Insufficiency leads to hemolytic of Orbs Vitamin K: blood clotting Liver Insufficiency leads to hemorrhage Apricots Avocado Bananas Cantaloupes Raw carrots Peas / Dried beans Dried fruits Oranges Potatoes Prune Juice Spinach Tomatoes Winter squash Calcium (also use for kidney stones) Chocolate BeansLentils Canned / smoked fish (except tuna) Flour Cocoa Green leafy vegetables Trainee / Dopamine Restrictions (for people taking Mayo's) Aged Cheese Smoked fish Processed meats FAA beans Soy sauce Purina (gout / uric acid stones) Organ meats Anchovies Sardines Salmon Herring Venison Goose Seafood Oxalate's (kidney stones) Asparagus Beets Celery Cabbage Dark green leafy vegetables Green beans Beer Cola Nuts -area Acid-Ash Foods

Josephine Baker Biography

Josephine Baker was an American singer, dancer, and actress who rose to fame in France during the Harlem Renaissance: â€Å"a literary and intellectual flowering that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 1930s†(Rowen). Josephine Baker was the first African American female to star in a movie, the only woman to speak during the March on Washington alongside of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the first black international pop icon (Lewis). Jo Baker is best known for, her â€Å"jungle banana dance†, where she danced naked except for a string of bananas tied around her waist. Born Freda Josephine McDonald, even though they were eventually divorced, Josephine Baker decided to keep the last name of her second husband, Willie Baker. Josephine ran away from home at the age of 13 to pursue her dream of being a famous dancer-singer but didn’t get her big break until she was discovered by director Folies Bergere in Paris. (Lewis) In 1951 at The Stork Club, New York City’s most extravagant night club at the time, Josephine was denied service because she was black (Lewis). That was the first time racial inequality directly impacted her. Josephine responded by refusing to entertain in clubs that did not allow blacks, in which several clubs responded with integration. She â€Å"crusaded for racial equality† again in 1963 when she spoke alongside of Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington: the largest political rally for African American rights in United States history. Throughout the rest of her life, Josephine did many other things in protest of racial inequality, the most famous being her adoption of 12 multi-ethnic orphans (Gaines). Some say that Josephine started the trend of celebrities (ex: Angelina Jolie, Sandra Bullock, Steven Spielberg, Tom Cruise, and Hugh Jackman) adopting multi-ethnic orphans. Josephine has influenced the works of many modern day entertainers. Singer-songwriter Beyonce has given Josephine credit for being the inspiration of many of her performances throughout her career, including her re-make of Josephine’s famous banana dance for a performance of her song Deja Vu in 2006 (Gorgan). And in 2010, R&B recording artist Keri Hilson portrayed Josephine in her single â€Å"Pretty Girl Rock†. (MacKenzie) Works Cited Rowen, Beth. â€Å"The Great Days in Harlem†. Infoplease. Pearson Education. N. D. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. Lewis, Jone Johnson. â€Å"Josephine Baker†. About. com. About. com. N. D. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. Gaines, Steven. â€Å"Hungry Heart†. New York Magazine. New York Media LLC. 10 Apr. 2009. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. MacKenzie, Carina Adly. â€Å"Who is Josephine Baker? Meet the Legend who Inspired Keri Hilson’s ‘Pretty Girl Rock’†. Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. 21 Nov. 2010. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. Gorgan, Elena. â€Å"Going Bananas for Beyonce! †. SoftPedia. SoftNews Net SRL. 11 Sept. 2006. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. Criner, Lowe. â€Å"Josephinw Baker†. Plaza. Plaza Edu. N. D. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. â€Å"Josephine Baker – Breezin’ Along With the Breeze†. Youtube. Youtube. 7 Aug 2010. Web, 19 Dec. 2011. â€Å"Josephine Baker – Breezin’ Along With the Breeze Lyrics†. ST Lyrics. STLyrics. com. N. D. Web, 19 Dec. 2011.

African-American History from 1950 to 1959

From the Brown vs. Board of Education decision to the murder of Emmitt Till and the dawn of the Civil Rights movement, these are the pivotal historical events in African-American history that occurred in the decade spanning 1950 through 1959. 1950 Ralph Bunche wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his ability to mediate the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East.Gwendolyn Brooks receives the Pulitzer Prize in poetry. She is the first African-American to receive such a distinction.Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel Clifton, and Earl Lloyd become the first African-Americans to play for the National Basketball Association.Juanita Hall becomes the first African-American to win a Tony Award for her portrayal of Bloody Mary in South Pacific. 1951 Racial segregation in Washington D.C. restaurants is declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.An estimated 3500 whites try to keep an African-American family from moving into an apartment building in Cicero. As a result, Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson calls the state’s national guard to protect the family.Florida NAACP official Harry T. Moore is killed by a bomb.Johnson Publishing Company prints its first issue of Jet. 1952 For the first time in more than 70 years, the Tuskegee Institute finds that there are no lynchings reported in the United States.Writer Ralph Ellison publishes Invisible Man. 1953 In June, African-American residents of Baton Rouge establish a boycott of the city’s segregated transportation system.James Baldwin publishes his first novel, Go Tell It On The Mountain. Willie Thrower joins the Chicago Bears and becomes the first African-American quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). 1954 The U.S. Supreme Court declares segregation in public schools unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education case.Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. is the first African-American to be appointed as an Air Force general after serving in the Korean War.Malcolm X becomes Minister of the Nation of Islam’s Temple No. 7 in New York City.  Frankie Muse Freeman becomes the first African-American woman to win a major civil rights case after serving as the lead attorney for the NAACP in the Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority case. The ruling ended racial discrimination in public housing in St. Louis. 1955 While visiting family in Money, Miss., 14-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till  is killed by white men.Rock n roll artist Chuck Berry records the hit song Maybellene with Chess Records.Rosa Parks is arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery Bus to a white patron.Marian Anderson is the first African-American to perform with the Metropolitan Opera.Martin Luther King Jr. is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. The organization leads a year-long boycott against Montgomery’s segregated transportation system. 1956 Nat King Cole becomes the first African-American to host a primetime show on national television.Harry Belafonte’s album Calypso is the first record to sell more than one million copies.The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Gayle v. Browder case declares it is unconstitutional to segregate transportation on intrastate travel. This ruling supports those participating in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1957 Congress establishes the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This is the first legislative act protecting the rights of African-Americans since the Reconstruction period by establishing the Civil Rights section of the Justice Department. Federal prosecutors are now able to get court injunctions against those who interfere with the right to vote. Under this act, the Federal Civil Rights Commission is also established.Dorothy Irene Height is elected president of the National Council of Negro Women. Height holds this position for 41 years.Federal troops are sent to Little Rock, Ark by Dwight Eisenhower to enforce the desegregation of Central High School. The troops are also instructed to protect nine African-American students who are enrolled in the school and remain for the entire academic year.The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) was established in Birmingham.Perry H. Young becomes the first African-American pilot of a commercial passenger airline. 1958 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is established in Atlanta. King is appointed as the organization’s first president.The Alvin Ailey Dance Theater is founded in New York City.Louis E. Lomax is hired by WNTA-TV in New York City. Lomax is the first African-American newscaster for a major network station.Althea Gibson is the first African-American woman to win the U.S. Open Championship. 1959 Motown Records is formed by Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit.Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis records  Kind of Blue.  The work is considered Davis masterpiece.  A Raisin in the Sun, a play written by Lorraine Hansberry opens on Broadway. The play is the first to be produced by an African-American woman on Broadway.Three days before he is scheduled to stand trial for raping a pregnant white woman, Mack Charles Parker is beaten by a mob in his jail cell. Parker is lynched near Poplarville, Miss.